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中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-09 04:34:46  浏览:9535   来源:法律资料网
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中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)


Detailed Rules for Implementation of Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies

Article 1
These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulations”).

Article 2
A foreign insurance company under the Regulations refers to an insurance company registered and conducting insurance business outside the territory of China.

Article 3
The proportion of foreign equity in an insurance company incorporated within the territory of China by a foreign insurance company with a Chinese company or enterprise that conducts life insurance business (hereinafter referred to as “joint-equity life insurance company”) shall be no more than 50% of the total equity of the company.

The shares of a joint-equity life insurance company directly or indirectly held by a foreign insurance company shall not exceed the limit of proportion as stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

Article 4
For a foreign-funded insurance company established within the territory of China before the Regulations became effective with registered capital or working capital of less than RMB 200 million or an equivalent amount in a freely convertible currency, its registered capital or working capital shall be fully paid within 2 years after these Rules become effective. For those who fail to fully pay the registered capital or working capital, China Insurance Regulatory Commission shall not grant approval to their application for operation of new business.

Article 5
The registered capital or working capital of a foreign-funded insurance company shall be the actually paid-up currency.

Article 6
After establishing a branch, the foreign insurance company shall not withdraw the working capital in any form.

Article 7
The period of operation of insurance business being more than 30 years, which is mentioned in Item 1 of Article 8 of the Regulations, means that the foreign insurance company shall have continuously been running insurance business for more than 30 years, and the foreign insurance company’s acquisition of another institution or merger with another institution to establish a new insurance company, shall not affect the calculation of the business operation period.

The business operation period of a subsidiary of a foreign insurance company shall start from the date of establishment of the subsidiary.

Article 8
The representative office mentioned in Item 2 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the following representative offices approved by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”):

(1) The representative office established by a foreign insurance company;
(2) The representative office established by a group to which a foreign insurance company belongs.

Article 9
The representative office established by a foreign insurance company or its group to which the insurance company belongs is only applicable to application for establishing one foreign-funded insurance company.

Article 10
The end of the year prior to the application for the establishment mentioned in Item 3 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the end of the previous fiscal year before the date of application.

Article 11
The other prudential requirements mentioned in Item 7 of Article 8 of the Regulations shall at least include the following requirements:

(1) Reasonable structure for corporate governance;
(2) Stable and sound risk control system;
(3) Sound internal control system;
(4) Effective Management Information System;
(5) Good operating performance without records of serious violation of laws and regulations.

Article 12
Where the applicant fails to provide the business license (duplicate) as stipulated in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, the applicant may provide a valid copy of the business license or a written certificate issued by the relevant authority evidencing the applicant’s eligibility to conduct insurance business.

Article 13
The certificate mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, which is issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located to evidence the applicant’s solvency, shall include one of the following contents:

(1) Certifying that the applicant complies with the regulatory requirements of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate;
(2) Certifying that the applicant has no record of incompliance with the standard of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate.

Article 14
The Letter of Comments issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located concerning the applicant’s application, which is mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, shall include the following contents:

(1) Whether the application for the establishment of an insurance institution in China complies with the laws and rules of the applicant’s country or region;
(2) Whether the authority approves the applicant’s application;
(3) The record of the punishment imposed on the applicant in the last three years prior to the date of issuance of the Letter of Comments by the relevant authority;

Article 15
The annual report mentioned in Item 3 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall include the Balance Sheets, Statements of Profit and Loss, and Cash Flow Statements of the applicant in the last three fiscal years prior to the date of application.

The annual report mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be attached with the auditor’s report issued by an accounting or auditing firm authorized by the country or region where the applicant is located.

Article 16
Except otherwise specified by the laws or administrative regulations or approved by the State Council, the Chinese applicant mentioned in Item 4 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) The companies or enterprises with the capacity of legal person registered at the administration department of industry and commerce, excluding commercial banks, securities organizations and the foreign-funded enterprises specified in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign-funded Enterprises;
(2) Being approved by the administrative authority of the enterprise or its shareholders’ meeting;
(3) Good operating performance and in the previous fiscal year as of the application date being profitable;
(4) Making the investment with self-owned capital from legitimate sources.

Article 17
The relevant documents to be submitted by a Chinese applicant for the establishment of a joint-equity insurance company shall include business license (duplicate), articles of association, business structure, operation history, annual report and punishment record for the last three years.

Article 18
The person in charge of the preparation of a foreign-funded insurance company shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Academic degree above junior college level;
(2) Insurance or related work experience for over 2 years;
(3) No illegal and criminal record.

Article 19
Where an applicant applies for the extension of the preparation period according to the provisions specified in Article 11 of the Regulations, he shall, within 1 month before expiration of the original preparation period, submit a written application to CIRC and explain the reason.

Article 20
The preparation report mentioned in Item 1 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall summarize all the issues stated in other paragraphs under this article.

Article 21
The statutory capital verification organization mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to an accounting firm complying with the requirements of CIRC.

Article 22
The capital verification certificate mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include the following contents:

(1) A Capital Verification Report issued by a statutory capital verification organization;
(2) A copy of the original bank receipt voucher evidencing payment of the registered capital or working capital.

Article 23
The main person-in-charge mentioned in Item 5 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the general manager of the proposed branch of a foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the main person-in-charge of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, refers to the letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the general manager of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney shall explicitly specify the scope of authorization granted to the authorized person.

Article 24
The senior managerial personnel of the proposed company mentioned in Item 6 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall have the qualifications specified by CIRC.

The senior managerial personnel of the branch of a foreign insurance company shall have the qualifications equal to those required for the counterparts in the headquarters of an insurance company.

Article 25
The materials regarding business place of the proposed company mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the supporting documents evidencing the ownership or use-right of the business place.

The materials concerning other facilities related to the business mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include at least information about configuration of computer facilities, network construction and information management system.

Article 26
The following documents or materials to be provided by a foreign insurance company for an application for the establishment of a foreign-funded insurance company according to the requirements specified in the Regulations and these Rules, shall be notarized by a public notary legally established in the local country or region, or verified by the embassy or consulate of China in that country:

(1) The business license (duplicate) or valid copy of the business license;
(2) A letter of attorney issued to the proposed person-in-charge of the branch of a foreign insurance company;
(3) A letter of guarantee of a foreign insurance company to undertake the obligations of tax and duties payment and debts repayment on behalf of its branch in China.

Article 27
A foreign-funded insurance company may apply for establishing branches as needed according to business development.

The branch of a foreign insurance company can only conduct business within the territory of the province, autonomous region or municipality where the branch is located. Where the joint-equity insurance company or wholly-owned insurance company is prepared to conduct business in any other province, autonomous region or municipality outside its locality, it shall establish a branch in the place concerned.

A foreign insurance company may, according to actual circumstances, apply for establishing a central sub-branch or sub-branch, operating office or marketing service office. The establishment and management of marketing service offices shall be subject to other applicable regulations of CIRC, if any.

Article 28
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company which has been established with a minimum registered capital of RMB200 million, applies for the first time for the establishment of a branch in every other province, autonomous region, or municipality outside its locality, it shall increase the registered capital by no less than RMB20 million.

By the time of applying for the establishment of a branch, if the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached the amount as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the company will no longer be required to increase its registered capital.

Where the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached RMB500 million and where the solvency of the company is adequate, no increase of registered capital is required when the company applies for the establishment of a branch.

Article 29
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Its solvency margin shall comply with relevant regulations specified by CIRC.
(2) Its internal control system is sound and there is no record of punishment; where the operating period exceeds 2 years, there is no record of punishment in the most recent 2 years;
(3) It has senior managerial personnel of the branch with the relevant qualifications specified by CIRC.

Article 30
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall submit an application to CIRC and provide the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for establishment;
(2) Audited solvency status reports as of the end of the previous fiscal year and as of the end of the last quarter;
(3) A three-year business development plan and market analysis for the proposed branch;
(4) Resume(s) of the person(s)-in-charge of the organization preparation and relevant certificates.

Article 31
CIRC shall examine the application and decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents, whether or not to grant approval; in case no approval is granted, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

After approval is granted, the applicant shall complete the preparation within 6 months. Where the applicant fails to do so within the prescribed time limit, if the reason is justified and subject to approval by CIRC, the period may be extended for 3 months. Where the preparation is still not completed within the extended period, the original approval document issued by CIRC becomes void automatically.

The preparing body may not be engaged in any commercial activities concerning insurance.

Article 32
After the preparation is completed, the applicant shall apply to CIRC for opening business and submit the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for opening business;
(2) A progress report of the preparation work;
(3) Resume(s) of senior managerial personnel to be appointed and relevant certificates;
(4) Relevant certificates of ownership or use-right of the office for the proposed branch, information regarding the configuration of computer facilities, network construction, and internal structure and staff.

Article 33
CIRC shall decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents for opening business, whether or not to grant approval; in case the application is approved, a license for conducting insurance business shall be issued to the branch; in case the application is disapproved, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

The branch with approval for opening business shall go through the formalities of business registration at the administration department of industry and commerce by presenting the approval document and the license for conducting insurance business and accordingly obtain business license from the authority before opening business.

Article 34
Unless otherwise stipulated in these Rules, the examination and administration of the qualifications of the senior managerial personnel of a foreign-funded insurance company and its branches shall be subject to the relevant regulations of CIRC.

Article 35
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company applies for dissolution when it splits, or merges with another one, or dissolves pursuant to the articles of association, such dissolution must be subject to approval of CIRC and the following documents shall be submitted:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company;
(2) The resolution of the meeting of shareholders;
(3) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(4) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

Article 36
The joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company whose dissolution has been approved by CIRC shall, from the date of receiving the approval document from CIRC, terminate any new business activities and hand in the license for conducting insurance business to CIRC and form a liquidation group within 15 days.

Article 37
The liquidation group shall, within 5 days after its establishment, inform the relevant authorities concerning the administration departments of industry and commerce, tax, labor and social security in writing of the liquidation procedure and conditions.

Article 38
The liquidation group shall, within 1 month from the date of establishment, appoint an accounting firm pursuant to the requirements of CIRC to conduct auditing, and shall deliver an auditor’s report to CIRC within three months from the date of appointment.

Article 39
The liquidation group shall submit the latest liability liquidation and assets disposal report to CIRC before the tenth date of each month.

Article 40
The newspaper mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulations refers to the newspaper specified by CIRC.

Article 41
The foreign property insurance company that applies for cancellation of its branch in China shall submit an application to CIRC for approval and present the following materials:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign property insurance company;
(2) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(3) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

The procedures of application for dissolution of a joint-equity or foreign-funded property insurance company specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall be applicable to the specific procedures for the foreign property insurance company to cancel its branch in China.

Where the head office of a branch of a foreign property insurance company is dissolved or cancelled or declared bankruptcy according to law, the liquidation and liability disposal of the branch of such foreign property insurance company shall comply with the regulations concerning dissolution of the joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company stipulated in Article 30 of the Regulations and these Rules.

Article 42
The foreign-funded insurance company in violation of the relevant provisions of these Rules shall be subject to punishment by CIRC according to the provisions specified in Insurance Law, the Regulations and other relevant laws and regulations.

Article 43
The documents, materials and written reports to be submitted or reported under the Regulations and these Rules shall be prepared in Chinese version, and the Chinese version shall prevail in the event of discrepancy between the Chinese version and the foreign language version.

Article 44
The period specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall start from the date when the relevant materials are delivered to CIRC. If the application documents provided by the applicant is incomplete and further delivery is needed, the period shall start from the date when the supplementary materials are delivered to CIRC.

The period concerning approval and report delivery prescribed in these Rules refers to working days.

Article 45
The issues concerning administration of a foreign-funded insurance company that are not specified in the Regulations or these Rules shall be governed by the applicable laws, administrative rules and relevant regulations of CIRC.

The establishment of a foreign-funded reinsurance company shall comply with the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies. The issues not specified in the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies shall be governed by these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to insurance companies that are established and operated in Chinese mainland by insurance companies from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region. The issues otherwise stipulated in the laws, administrative rules or administrative protocols shall be governed by the stipulations therein.

Article 47
These Rules shall come into effect as of June 15, 2004.


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平顶山市人民政府关于印发平顶山市城市基础设施配套费征收管理实施办法的通知

河南省平顶山市人民政府


平顶山市人民政府关于印发平顶山市城市基础设施配套费征收管理实施办法的通知

平政〔2009〕69号


  各县(市、区)人民政府,市人民政府各部门:《平顶山市城市基础设施配套费征收管理实施办法》已经2009年5月12日市政府第2次常务会议通过,现印发给你们,望认真遵照执行。

  平顶山市人民政府

  二○○九年七月二十日

  平顶山市城市基础设施配套费征收管理

实 施 办 法

  第一条 为规范城市基础设施配套费的征收、使用和管理,促进城市基础设施建设,根据省发改委、省财政厅《关于对平顶山市城市基础设施配套费收费标准及有关问题批复》(豫发改收费〔2008〕821号)规定,结合我市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 城市基础设施配套费是指按城市总体规划要求,为筹集城市基础设施建设资金所收取的费用。

  第三条 凡在本市城市规划区内新建、扩建和改建建设项目(含临时建设项目)的单位和个人,均应按照本办法规定缴纳城市基础设施配套费。

  第四条 经市人民政府批准,市财政局委托市规划局负责城市基础设施配套费的具体征收工作。

  各县(市)、石龙区人民政府开征城市基础设施配套费,应向市人民政府提出申请,经批准后执行。

  第五条 城市基础设施配套费的征收标准按建设项目的建筑面积计征,每平方米征收120元。其中:

  (一)新建、扩建和改建的各类建设项目,按建筑面积征收。(二)原享受减免城市基础设施配套费优惠政策的建设项目若发生用途改变,按改变用途后建设项目的建筑面积征收。(三)经行政执法部门依法处理并完善相关手续后予以保留的违章建设项目,应当按规定补缴城市基础设施配套费。(四)其他原因应缴纳而未缴纳(包括未足额缴纳)基础设施配套费的,应当按规定补缴城市基础设施配套费。

  第六条 城市基础设施配套费是市人民政府征收后用于城市基础设施建设的专项资金,本着征收与建设项目审批程序相结合的原则,建设单位和个人应当在办理《建设工程规划许可证》时,办理城市基础设施配套费缴费手续。规划部门在为建设单位审批《建设工程规划许可证》时,应当查验城市基础设施配套费缴交手续。

  第七条 城市基础设施配套费减免缓按下列规定执行:

  (一)凡属国家、省人民政府文件规定减免缓项目的,按照国家、省人民政府的规定执行。

  (二)其他建设项目原则上不予减免;因特殊情况确需减免的,建设单位或个人应向征收机关提出申请,经征收机关审核提出意见后报市人民政府常务会议研究决定。

  (三)对依照前款第(二)项规定减免的城市基础设施配套费,实行先征后返。建设单位或个人在减免申请批准前,应按本办法第六条规定缴纳城市基础设施配套费,待减免申请批准后,由征收机关办理返还手续。

  第八条 城市基础设施配套费征收机关应按规定到同级价格主管部门办理《收费许可证》,公开收费项目和收费标准。

  第九条 征收机关收取城市基础设施配套费,应使用省财政厅统一监制的行政事业性收费票据,所征收的资金纳入财政专户,实行“收支两条线”管理。

  第十条 燃气公司、热力公司凭征收机关出具的缴纳城市基础设施配套费收费票据或减免城市基础设施配套费批准手续办理入网手续。本办法实施前未缴纳燃气输配管网用户初装费和热力管网设施配套费的在建和已建成的建设项目,燃气和热力入网时,燃气按1400元/户、热力按1500元/户的标准缴纳城市基础设施配套费。

  第十一条 为保证城市基础设施配套费征收工作正常开展,按城市基础设施配套费收入总额的5.5%提取征收业务费,专项用于征收工作中的业务支出。

  第十二条 物价、财政和审计部门应加强对城市基础设施配套费征收、使用和管理的监督检查,保证城市基础设施配套费专项用于城市基础设施建设。

  第十三条 征收机关要严格按照规定的收费范围、标准、程序收取城市基础设施配套费,不得随意提高或降低收费标准、自立收费项目、扩大或缩小收费范围。违反本办法规定,擅自批准减、免、缓缴城市基础设施配套费,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究其刑事责任。建设单位或个人未按本办法第六条规定缴纳城市基础设施配套费的,应当在规定期限内予以补缴,逾期未补缴的,市人民政府责成执收部门予以追缴;情况严重的,追究单位和相关人员的责任。

  第十四条 按本办法缴纳城市基础设施配套费后,原城市基础设施配套费、燃气输配管网用户初装费、热力管网设施配套费停止征收。

  第十五条 本办法自发布之日起执行。市人民政府以前发布的其他相关规定,与本办法不一致的,按本办法执行。




论劳动合同法对现行律师管理体制的影响

吕为锟

内容提要:《劳动合同法》调整的用人单位主体是:企业、个体经济组织和民办非企业单位等组织以及国家机关、事业单位、社会团体。国办律师事务所属于事业单位,受该法调整,合作、合伙律师事务所定位不明,难以受到该法调整。司法部应当贯彻中央统一登记政策,民办律师事务所应当定位于民办非企业单位。体现中央统一登记政策的新的律师法修订草案才能获得通过并发挥积极作用。

关键词:事业单位、民办非企业单位、劳动合同

2007年6月29日十届全国人大常委会第二十八次会议完成各项议程后在北京人民大会堂闭会,《劳动合同法》获通过,而《律师法(修订草案)》未获通过。近年来,律师的劳动权益受到侵犯的现象时有发生,律师与律师事务所对簿公堂的案件屡见报端,法学界关于律师与律师事务所之间是劳动关系还是雇佣关系、合伙关系的争论不休。《劳动合同法》于2008年1月1日施行后,律师与律师事务所之间是否是劳动关系?是否受该法的调整?这个问题值得商榷!《劳动合同法》第2条规定“中华人民共和国境内的企业、个体经济组织、民办非企业单位等组织(以下称用人单位)与劳动者建立劳动关系,订立、履行、变更、解除或者终止劳动合同,适用本法。国家机关、事业单位、社会团体和与其建立劳动关系的劳动者,订立、履行、变更、解除或者终止劳动合同,依照本法执行”。那么,律师事务所是哪一类用人单位?国办律师事务所属于事业单位,在该法调整的用人单位主体之列。然而,合作和合伙律师事务所是由司法行政部门进行登记管理的社会组织,不属于该法所列举的任何一种用人单位,那么合作、合伙律师事务所与律师之间是否劳动关系、是否受《劳动合同法》调整的问题将继续成为律师们争论的话题。
之所以出现这个问题,是因为合作和合伙律师事务所定位不明造成的,而定位不明问题的根源是作为业务主管部门的司法行政部门越权行使登记管理权。《劳动合同法》获得通过,彻底地暴露出现行律师管理体制的弊端,也就是律师事务所定位不明问题。《律师法(修订草案)》没有触及和解决现行律师管理体制的弊端,未获通过并非是一件坏事。

一、合作、合伙律师事务所“定位不明”问题的产生

在计划经济时期,我国社会组织可以划分为四类,即国家机关、企业单位、事业单位和社会团体等。二十世纪九十年代,随着改革开放的深入,许多新生经济组织大量涌现,利用非国有资金主办的企业单位被称为“民办企业单位”或者“合资企业”等,纳入了“企业单位”的范畴,统一由工商行政部门进行登记管理。利用非国有资金主办的事业单位,例如民办学校、民办医院和合作、合伙律师事务所等,没有被称为“民办事业单位”,纳入“事业单位”的范畴,统一由人事部门进行登记管理。因为许多学者认为,事业单位具有明显的“国有”的特征,前者加上“民办”二字,显然不合乎逻辑。这些新生经济组织对经济发展直到积极的推动作用,但在管理方面存在法律空白,相关业务主管部门自己批准,自己登记,自己管理,普遍地存在着定位不明、管理混乱的问题,不利于国家统计和宏观调控。

1996年8月28日,中共中央研究决定,将我国“民办事业单位”改为“民办非企业单位”,中办、国办联合下发了《关于加强社会团体和民办非企业单位管理工作的通知》(中办发[1996]22号),确立了对社会团体和民办非企业单位实行“统一归口登记,双重负责,分级管理”的管理体制,以下简称“中央统一登记政策”。

根据中央统一登记政策,1998年10月25日国务院总理朱?基签署中华人民共和国国务院令第250号,颁布修订的《社会团体登记管理条例》,明确界定社会团体指“由中国公民自愿组成,为实现会员共同意愿,按照其章程开展活动的非营利性社会组织”(第2条)。同时签署中华人民共和国国务院令第251号,颁布《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》,明确界定民办非企业单位指“企业事业单位、社会团体和其他社会力量以及公民个人利用非国有资产举办的,从事非营利性社会服务活动的社会组织”(第2条)。与此同时,民政部原社会团体管理司改为“民间组织管理局”,地方民政部门也新设或者将社会团体管理部门改为“民间组织管理局”、“民间组织管理办”、“民间组织管理股”。民政部门在开展民间组织登记管理工作时,许多社会团体和民办非企业单位及其业务主管部门不配合,登记管理工作遇到许多困难。

1999年,“法轮功”邪教组织暗地自己登记,频繁制造事端,社会稳定受到极大影响,我国民间组织管理工作岌待加强。1999年11月1日中办、国办又联合发出《关于进一步加强民间组织管理工作的通知》(中办发[1999]34号)。11月23日国务院召开加强民间组织管理工作会议。文化部首先响应,于11月25日发出《文化部关于贯彻〈中共中央办公厅国务院办公厅关于进一步加强民间组织管理工作的通知〉的紧急通知》。民政部积极出台措施,民政部长多吉才让于12月28日发布《民办非企业单位登记暂行办法》(民政部第18号令),规定举办民办非企业单位,应按照下列所属行(事)业申请登记:(一)教育事业;(二)卫生事业;(三)文化事业;(四)科技事业;(五)体育事业;(六)劳动事业;(七)民政事业;(八)社会中介服务业;(九)法律服务业;(十)其它(第4条)。民政部在发布《办法》的同时,决定从2000年初至2001年底用两年时间在全国范围内开展一次大规模地对民办非企业单位的复查登记工作, 揭开了我国70多万家民办非企业单位复查登记管理工作的序幕。复查登记工作开展后,大多数部委认真贯彻落实中央统一登记政策、国务院条例和民政部办法,指导本行业的民办非企业单位进行了民政登记,唯司法部除外。

《律师法》是1996年5月15日第八届全国人大常委会第十九次会议审议通过的,自1997年7月1日施行。从时间顺序上看,律师法在先,中央统一登记政策在后,律师法没有体现中央统一登记政策是必然的。律师法施行后,司法部依据律师法颁布《律师事务所登记管理办法》,长期开展登记管理工作。当民政部在全国开展对民办非企业单位的复查登记工作时,上海市民政局要求上海市司法局对主管的合作、合伙律师事务所办理登记。上海市司法局向司法部提出《关于合作、合伙律师事务所是否进行民政登记的请示》(沪司发请〔2000〕57号)。2000年6月7日司法部副部长段正坤签发《司法部关于律师事务所不进行民政登记的批复》(司复[2000]4号),“经研究认为,律师事务所是依据《律师法》及《律师事务所登记管理办法》设立的律师执业机构,律师事务所经司法行政机关审核登记后依法成立,不应再进行民政、工商等形式的登记。” 这就是司法部没有贯彻落实中央统一登记政策、国务院条例和民政部办法的依据和理由。从此,合作、合伙律师事务所没有按照中央统一登记政策定位于民办非企业单位,成为“定位不明”的社会组织。

二、关于律师事务所定位问题的调研报告

2001年夏天,我曾以法学会员和律师双重身份来到日照市民政局民间组织管理局进行调研,有一位姓裴的科长热情地接待了我。我问:“到底合作、合伙律师事务所应当在哪一个部门进行登记?”裴科长答:“根据中央统一登记政策和国务院《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》,民政部门是民办非企业单位的唯一法定登记管理机关,其他任何单位和个人均无权登记,合作、合伙律师事务所是典型的民办非企业单位,应当由民政部门登记。”我反问:“难道司法行政部门没有登记管理权吗?”我一边争辩一边把司法部制定的《律师事务所登记管理办法》和《司法部关于律师事务所不进行民政登记的批复》复印件拿出来,让裴科长看。裴科长摆一摆手,不屑一顾,说:“司法行政部门是民办律师事务所的业务主管单位,但不是登记管理机关,行业管理与登记管理是两码事,你们当律师的人一听就明白,还用问吗?”我再了没有一点儿争辩的勇气,同意了他的观点,象学生请教老师一样询问如何申请登记。裴科长详细介绍了进行民政登记的条件和程序,与企业单位进行工商登记相类似,但必须具有有关业务主管行政部门作出的审批文件,否则不予登记。裴科长强调说:“如果民办非企业单位不来民政部门进行登记,它在税收、劳动保障等方面享受不到国家赋予民办非企业单位的优惠待遇,迟早有一天,非来进行登记不可。”他那热情的态度,使我觉得他非常欢迎合作、合伙律师事务所前往进行登记。裴科长继续说:“咱市有的律师事务所已经注册登记了,尚未登记的,请赶快前来登记。”我听了这话后感到非常意外,脱口而问:“是吗?不可能吧!哪一家登记了?”我再三请求看看登记档案,眼见为实。裴科长欣然同意,从档案橱中抱出几个档案盒放在我的面前,里面均有由东港区司法局盖公章的审批文件。原来,东港区司法局主管的民办律师事务所和民办法律服务所全部进行了注册登记,均取得“民办非企业单位登记证书”,律师事务所的名称被核准登记为 “(日照)山东××律师事务所”。裴科长办公桌上放有一份《民间组织登记联络员表》,排列着市级有关行政部门名称及其联络员姓名、职务和电话等,其中日照市司法局联络员姓名边永生,职务为政策研究室主任。

我特地来到日照市司法局政策研究室,开门见山地问边永生主任:“你是民间组织登记联络员吗?为什么不联络?”边永生主任认真地答:“市局指派我担任联络员后,我参加了由市政府组织召开的全市各有关行政部门联络员会议,开展了一段时间的联络工作,后来省司法厅发来一个不准进行民政登记的文件,我根据市局领导的安排停止了联络工作。”他从文件档案中找出文件来,是《山东省司法厅关于转发的通知》(鲁司发通[2000]67号)。

我又特地拜访了日照市东港区司法局律师管理科长刘忠贤,问:“全国各地合作、合伙律师事务所不进行民政登记,为什么你们登记了?” 刘忠贤科长兴致勃勃地说:“合作、合伙律师事务所同民办学校、民办医院一样,只有经民政部门注册登记后才算依法成立。” 他还说:“合作、合伙律师事务所属于非营利性组织,收费受物价部门限制,税务部门按照营利性组织征收企业所得税是不合理的,我区合作、合伙律师事务所进行民政登记后,仅凭着民办非企业单位登记证书,以非企业为由拒交企业所得税,非常有效,税务机关从此不再来征收了……”在全国各地各级司法行政干部中,象刘忠贤一样贯彻落实中央统一登记政策的人,廖若晨星,少得可怜。我国有成千上万个区县,只有极个别区县司法行政部门贯彻落实中央统一登记政策,律师行业出现混乱局面就不足为怪了。日照市东港区司法局主管的民办律师事务所和民办法律服务所全部在民政部门进行登记并取得民办非企业单位登记证书,正确地定位于民办非企业单位,为解决律师事务所定位不明问题积累了宝贵的经验,这些取得民办非企业单位登记证书的民办律师事务所和民办法律服务所显然受《劳动合同法》的调整。

许多律师主张“中介组织说”,认为律师事务所属于“中介组织”或称“中介机构”。根据《刑法》第229条“中介组织提供虚假证明文件罪”的有关规定,国办、合作和合伙律师事务所确实属于“中介组织”,但中介组织有多种组织形式,有的由工商行政部门登记,属于企业单位,有的由人事编制部门登记,属于事业单位,还有的由民政部门登记,属于民办非企业单位。合作、合伙律师事务所是由司法行政部门登记的中介组织,属于哪一个类社会组织?“中介组织说”提示了律师事务所具有中介作用,没有从组织形式上揭示国办律师事务所和民办律师事务所分别属于哪一类社会组织,无法解决定位问题,没有理论指导价值。

《民法通则》确立了机关法人、事业法人、企业法人和社团法人等四类法人的法律地位,《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》又确立了民办非企业法人的法律地位,从理论上说,我国共有五类法人,笔者称之为“法人五类说”法人制度理论,简称“4+1=5”。根据这一理论,国办律师事务所属于事业单位,应当由人事编制部门进行登记管理,合作、合伙律师事务所属于民办非企业单位,应当由民政部门进行登记管理,司法行政部门是国办和民办律师事务所的业务主管部门,没有登记管理权。

三、规范和拓展法律服务业的方法论

《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》施行前,司法行政部门对合作、合伙律师事务所进行登记管理,有其合理性一面,不存在非法性,其他行政部门也是如此。民政部开展复查登记工作后,其他行政部门均不敢自己登记了,司法部以贯彻执行律师法为理由继续自己进行登记,理由是否充分呢?或者说,这是全国人大常委会的责任吗?律师法第19条规定,律师事务所经省级以上司法行政部门“审批”后“设立”,“登记”的字眼儿,如果律师法已明文许可司法行政部门进行登记,那么司法部没有作出批复的必要。司法部所作批复实质上是对律师法作出的扩大意义解释,履行了全国人大常委会具有的法律解释权,属于部委增设行政许可,不是符合律师法而是违背之。《民办教育促进法》也是由全国人大常委会通过的,有关民办学校审批的规定与律师法的规定相类似,但教育部没有据此作出自己进行登记的批复,民办学校纳入了民办非企业单位的管理范畴。中办发[1996]22号文件明确规定,“所有社会团体和民办非企业单位,都必须依照有关法规办理登记手续和接受年检,不得以任何理由拒不登记或不接受年检。”中办发[1999]34号文件规定,“除《社会团体登记管理条例》(国务院令第250号)明确规定可以免予登记的社会团体以外,所有民间组织都必须依法由民政部门统一登记,其他任何部门无权登记、颁发证书。”司法部规定合作、合伙律师事务所不进行民政登记,明显违背上述两份中央文件。

合作、合伙律师事务所属于“民办非企业单位”,民办非企业单位属于“民间组织”大范畴,我国民间组织管理工作具有鲜明的政治性。凡是经民政部门登记的民间组织,都是贯彻执行中央统一登记政策的,凡是没有进行民政登记的,就是没有与党中央、国务院保持高度一致,邪教组织暗地自己进行登记,被取缔,司法部公开地对民办律师事务所进行登记,被默认。司法部规定合作、合伙律师事务所不进行民政登记,就象规定律师结婚不进行民政登记一样,十分荒唐,危害无穷。律师在工作中发生交通事故伤亡,劳动和社会保障部门一般地以用人单位主体不适格为由,对律师的工伤认定申请不予受理,律师在劳动和社会保障方面还不如农民工。司法行政部门非法进行登记并非法进行年检,乘机收取巨额注册费(或会员费),每年给每一位律师造成数千元的经济损失。“有10万元人民币以上资产”的合伙条件已具备了民办非企业单位的法人条件,却不具备民办非企业法人资格,增加了合伙人的风险,“有3名以上合伙人”和“具有五年以上执业经历”等合伙条件远远高于民政部“二人以上”的规定,且不允许开办个体律师事务所,高筑起律师开办新所的障碍,以“规模化”代替“规范化”。目前,我国律师执业环境呈现出“三高一低”特点,即“高障碍”、“高税费”、“高风险”和“低保障”。许多律师入不付出,不得不另谋职业,许多律师向当事人乱收费以维持收支平衡,造成社会不良影响。自从2000年司法部依法规避中央统一登记政策以来,我国律师管理工作误入歧途,律师行业进入漫长的“冬季”,全国执业律师人数一直维持在11万多人,六年内几乎没有增长,与经济快速发展不相适应。司法行政部门做了大量管理工作,对无权管的登记管理工作拒不移交人事部门和民政部门,抓住不放,对有权管的业务管理工作交给律师协会,放下不抓,即不该管的管了,该管的没有全力管,事倍功半。2004年司法部发布《中国律师业发展政策报告》,指出:现行《律师法》的诸多规定已不能适应律师业发展的需要,在某种程度上成为制约律师业发展的“瓶颈”,修改《律师法》已非常必要和紧迫。这一报告把律师行业发展的希望寄托于律师法修订,把规避中央统一登记政策并引起管理混乱的责任归责于全国人大常委会。2005年3月,笔者曾致信司法部长张福森,呼吁司法部贯彻落实中央统一登记政策,全面改革律师管理体制,促进律师法按照中央统一登记政策修改,特赠送这样一幅对联,上联“千规范万规范无照经营不规范”,下联“旧拓展新拓展非法登记丢拓展”,横批“法律冲突”。司法部于2005年和2006年两次发布的《中国律师业发展政策报告》,均没有作出贯彻中央统一登记政策的承诺。全国人大常委会将律师法修改提前列入立法规划后,司法部拟定了《律师法(修订草案)》,于2007年6月13日经国务院常委会原则通过,提请全国人大常委会审议。草案准许“个人开业”,这只是吸收了民办非企业单位三种组织形式之一,没有将民办律师事务所纳入民办非企业单位的管理范畴,全面确立个体、合伙和法人三种组织形式,没有体现出中央统一登记政策,也不符合“法人五类说”法人制度理论,不仅与《民办非企业单位登记管理暂行条例》、《工伤保险条例》相冲突,并且与《劳动合同法》相冲突,因此它具有“三伪”特征,即“伪政治”、“伪法治”和“伪科学”,这样的律师法修订草案能够获得人大审议通过吗?如果全国人大常委会审议通过了这样的法律,等于通过“关于许可司法部规避中央统一登记政策的决定”,给党中央、国务院和广大律师带来的不是福音而是灾难。

党的“十六大”报告中提出“规范和拓展法律服务业”,律师行业是法律服务业的主要主体,是法律服务业规范和拓展的重点。民政部早已将“法律服务业”列为民办非企业单位的第九类,敞着登记管理的大门。司法部只有树立起贯彻落实中央统一登记政策的信念,自觉地废止《律师事务所登记管理办法》和《批复》等一系列规章,制定统一的《律师事务业务管理办法》,解决现行律师管理法律、规章与民办非企业单位管理法规、规章相冲突问题,在律师行业中建立“各级司法行政部门业务管理与同级人事部门、民政部门登记管理相分离”的“两分离”一级管理体制,在业务管理范畴内建立“司法行政部门与律师协会管理相结合”的“两结合”二级管理体制,确保国办律师事务所定位于事业单位,民办律师事务所定位于民办非企业单位,广大律师才能受到《劳动合同法》和《工伤保险条例》等法律法规的保护,法律服务业才能迎来规范和拓展的春天,体现中央统一登记政策的新的律师法修订草案才能获得通过并发挥积极作用。

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作者简介:吕为锟,男,1964年6月出生,参加高考、成人高考和自学考试先后分别毕业于临沂师专外语系、曲阜师范大学英语系和山东大学法律自学考试,1993年考取律师资格,1994年从事律师工作至今,现任山东名律律师事务所律师,擅长办理经济纠纷、人身伤害赔偿、劳动争议和刑事辩护等律师业务,在省级以上杂志上发表论文三篇、自传一篇,在互联网上发表论文多篇,坚持“用律师从社会实践中总结出来的法学理论变革中国”的学术理念。2000年8月曾被中共日照市委、日照市人民政府授予“日照市专业技术拔尖人才”荣誉称号。
通讯地址:山东省日照市天津路123号。邮政编码:276826。工作单位:山东名律律师事务所。联系电话:13806336639。



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